Dan Halutz

Advanced Management Program, Harvard Business School, 2007





Indiscriminate Bombing

During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war, Dan Halutz, head of the Israeli military, orchestrated a policy of indiscriminate aerial bombardment that entailed widespread war crimes. Over 33 days, Israeli jets killed up to 1,200 Lebanese civilians and bombed houses, hospitals, ambulances, refineries, and roads [sample video and pictures here and here]. Some four thousand Lebanese were wounded and nearly a quarter of the country's four million people were driven from their homes.

Halutz -- the first career air force officer to lead Israel's military and a vocal proponent of the use of airpower -- oversaw a three-pronged aerial strategy: saturation bombing of southern Lebanon; punitive airstrikes aimed at civilian areas in Beirut deemed to support Hizb Allah politically; and destruction of Lebanon's civilian infrastructure and manufacturing base.

According to the Israeli government's own official inquiry -- which criticized the country's leadership for its failure to win the war while remaining utterly silent on atrocities against Lebanese civilians -- Halutz's "personal involvement with decision making within the army and in coordination with the political echelon was dominant."

Before describing these three policies in detail, it's necessary to deal with the most common excuse for civilian casualties, namely that Hizb Allah fighters "hide behind" Lebanese civilians while attacking Israel, and that Israel's army is a moral one that does everything possible to avoid hurting non-combatants.





The Myth of Precision Bombing

"... if you nevertheless want to know what I feel when I release a bomb, I will tell you: I feel a light bump to the plane as a result of the bomb's release. A second later it's gone, and that's all. That is what I feel." -Dan Halutz, interview with Ha'aretz, 21 August 2002
Extensive onsite investigations by Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Amnesty International (AI) found that the pattern of bombings and civilian casualties could not be dismissed as accidents nor excused by alleged "human shielding" by Hizb Allah fighters (though both AI and HRW have extensively criticized Hizb Allah as well). Both organizations concluded that Halutz's forces were bombing without regard to whether they were hitting civilians or fighters, and in some instances targeted civilians and civilian objects directly, both of which are war crimes under international law.

These reports discredited Israel's main excuse for these casualties, namely that they were the unfortunate but inevitable outcome of Hizb Allah fighters hiding amongst Lebanese civilians . HRW investigated over two dozen incidents that accounted for over 150 of the 500 deaths that had taken place at the time; in none of them was there evidence of Hizb Allah military activity nearby. As Peter Bouckaert, HRW's emergencies director, wrote:


"Israel's claims about pin-point strikes and proportionate responses are pure fantasy. As a researcher for Human Rights Watch, I've documented civilian deaths from bombing campaigns in Kosovo and Chechnya, Afghanistan and Iraq. But these usually occur when there is some indication of military targeting ... In Lebanon, it's a different scene. Time after time, Israel has hit civilian homes and cars in the southern border zone, killing dozens of people with no evidence of any military objective. My notebook overflows with reports of civilian deaths." [emphasis added]
Similarly, Mitch Prothero, an American journalist who has worked throughout the Middle East, pointed out that for a guerrilla organization such as Hizb Allah, hiding among its civilian constituents makes little political or military sense:

"... the analysts talking on cable news about Hezbollah 'hiding within the civilian population' clearly have spent little time if any in the south Lebanon war zone and don't know what they're talking about. Hezbollah doesn't trust the civilian population and has worked very hard to evacuate as much of it as possible from the battlefield. And this is why they fight so well -- with no one to spy on them, they have lots of chances to take the Israel Defense Forces by surprise, as they have by continuing to fire rockets and punish every Israeli ground incursion."


1. Turning the South into a Free-Fire Zone


"Nothing is safe [in Lebanon], as simple as that." -Dan Halutz, Ha'aretz, 14 July 2006
The towns and villages of southern Lebanon bore the brunt of Halutz's bombing campaign, with the most notorious incident being the 30 July midnight bombing of a building in Qana that killed dozens of civilians in their sleep, more than half of them children. There was no evidence of fighting or Hizb Allah military activity in the area at the time (video below; warning, graphic images).



Apologists for Israeli policies often point out that Israeli forces warned Lebanese civilians by dropping leaflets from jets before leveling these villages, as if giving a warning is tantamount to a license to bomb. HRW executive director Ken Roth excoriated the policy, accusing Israel of turning south Lebanon into a "free-fire zone":

"The IDF seemed to assume that, because it gave warnings to civilians to evacuate southern Lebanon, anyone who remained was a Hizbullah fighter. When the IDF saw a civilian home or vehicle that Hizbullah might use, it often bombed, even if, as in Kana, Srifa, Marwahin, or Aitaroun, there was no evidence that Hizbullah was in fact using the structure or vehicle at the time of attack. In weighing the military advantage of an attack against the civilian cost, the IDF seemed to assume no civilian cost, because all the 'innocent' civilians had supposedly fled. Through these calculations, the IDF effectively turned southern Lebanon into a free-fire zone." [emphasis added]
Moreover, even those who heeded the IDF's threats and fled faced the danger of being bombed on the roads, according to AI:

"Particularly disturbing is a leaflet of 7 August which announced that 'any vehicle of any kind travelling south of the Litani river will be bombarded, on suspicion of transporting rockets, military equipment and terrorists.' This flagrantly breaches the principle of distinction and the presumption of civilian status: an attack carried out in implementation of this threat would have been an indiscriminate attack and may also have been a direct attack on civilians.

... At any rate, escaping was no guarantee of safety. Israeli forces attacked civilians who had left their villages and were travelling north in response to instructions from the Israeli military authorities, delivered through air-dropped leaflets and other means. Israel has provided no adequate explanation for specific instances of the killing of unarmed civilians in such circumstances." [emphasis added]
Israeli jets and drones rocketed civilians vehicles fleeing northward, including ambulances. In one of the better-known cases, Israeli aircraft on 23 July attacked two clearly marked Lebanese Red Crescent ambulances that were carrying civilian victims of a previous airstrike, wounding six medical workers and further injuring the three patients, one of whom, Ahmed Fawaz (picture below), lost his leg:











2. The Destruction of Haret Hreik

"Army chief of staff Dan Halutz has given the order to the air force to destroy 10 multi-storey buildings in the Dahaya district (of Beirut) in response to every rocket fired on Haifa" -senior air force officer, quoted by Israeli Army Radio
Haret Hreik (in the Dahiya district) is a large, densely populated, predominantly Shi'i, neighborhood in southern Beirut that was repeatedly bombed by Halutz's forces during the war. Haret Hreik was far from the front lines but singled out for reprisals by Israel because of its inhabitants' alleged political support for Hizb Allah. Analysis of satellite imagery taken before and after the war [download here -- warning: large file] shows that at least 178 buildings -- most of them multi-story structures -- were destroyed in the neighborhood during the war.



Haret Hreik, 15 June 2006
Haret Hreik, 19 August 2006 (red dots indicate destroyed buildings)



A view from the ground




3. Shattering Infrastructure


"If the [captured Israeli] soldiers are not returned, we will turn Lebanon's clock back 20 years." -Dan Halutz, interview with Channel 10, 12 July 2006
According to one Israeli analyst and former paratrooper, "From the first day of the campaign, Halutz advocated attacking infrastructure beyond southern Lebanon to pressure the Lebanese government to counter Hezbollah." During the war, Israeli jets systematically bombed Lebanon's civilian infrastructure, including 3 airports; 14 power generation stations; 120 water pumping, storage, and purification facilities; 52 medical buildings, including 2 hospitals; and a sewage treatment plant. Some 127 factories, 80 bridges, and 94 roads were partially or completely destroyed. Lebanese officials estimated that the war cost some $US 3.5 billion worth of damage, a massive toll on the country's economy.



Bombing of the Zahrani bridge near Sidon by Israeli jets, 14 July 2006

The destruction of infrastructure - especially roads and bridges - also made it extremely difficult for civilians to flee bombing raids, for ambulances to evacuate the wounded, and for aid to reach trapped populations.

AI's Executive Deputy Secretary General Kate Gilmore described attacks on Lebanese infrastructure as "war crimes, including indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks. The evidence strongly suggests that the extensive destruction of power and water plants, as well as the transport infrastructure vital for food and other humanitarian relief, was deliberate and an integral part of a military strategy" (AI's full study of infrastructure attacks is available here).

The most common excuse for these attacks, in addition to notions of unfortunate error and alleged Hizb Allah shielding, was the "dual use" argument: that since a particular object could hypothetically be used by Hizb Allah, its destruction was therefore militarily necessary and justified. The UN Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pointed out the absurdity of this argument in its report:


"Israel justified its attacks on the civilian infrastructure by arguing its hypothetical use by Hezbollah. The Commission appreciates that some infrastructure may have had 'dual use' but this argument cannot be put forward for each individual object directly hit during this conflict. By using this argument, IDF effectively changed the status of all civilian objects by alleging that they might be used by Hezbollah. Further, the Commission is convinced that damage inflicted on some infrastructure was done for the sake of destruction." [emphasis added]
One of the most infamous incidents was the bombing of the Jiyyeh power station 30km south of Beirut on 13 and 15 July, creating a massive oil slick polluting over 170km of Lebanon's coastline that will require at least a decade to clean up. The extent of the spill can be seen in this satellite image:






Justice, not Junkets

More than any other individual, Dan Halutz was responsible for designing, managing, and implementing the policies that led to the widespread loss of life and massive destruction of property in Lebanon during the 2006 war -- policies that were roundly condemned by the international community.
Instead of facing justice for his crimes, however, Halutz is enjoying a two-month junket at Harvard Business School and staying in its luxury dormitory.

As the information on this website shows, Halutz's actions were clearly a matter of public record before he arrived at Harvard. Moreover, his case is not unique, but rather part of an alarming pattern of known human rights abusers and war criminals studying or working at the university. If Harvard wants to teach the world about human rights, it can start by not giving diplomas to people like Dan Halutz.